| DERLEME |
| 1. | Serum Total Testosterone Levels and Coronary Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Turkish Women Altan ONAT, Hüseyin UYAREL, Serdar TÜRKMEN, Gülay HERGENÇ, Bülent UZUNLAR, İbrahim SARI, Mehmet YAZICI, Günay CAN, Vedat SANSOY Pages 137 - 144
The aim of the study was to investigate cross-sectionally the value of serum testosterone levels as a cardiovascular risk factor in a population sample of postmenopausal women recruited from the cohort of the Turkish Adult Risk Factor Study, surveyed in 2003. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed based on criteria of the ATP-III, and coronary heart disease (CHD) on the presence of angina and Minnesota coding of the resting ECGs. MS was observed in 57%, CHD in 23% of the study sample. Testosterone concentrations were measured by the immunochemiluminescent method (Elecsys), and values were log-transformed due to the skewed distribution. In 234 women (mean age 61.5±8.4 years), the median total testosterone value was 0.28 and the interquartile range 0.05 to 0.6 nmol/L, without being significantly correlated to age. Among 27 risk parameters tested, the hormone exhibited highest univariate correlations with fibrinogen (r=0.26), body mass index (r=0.26) and waist circumference (r =0.20), furthermore with complement C3 (r=0.15) and (inversely) with apo A-I (r= -0.21). Diagnosis of MS (r=0.18) and individual global risk score (r=0.13) showed also significant correlations with testosterone. In a linear regression analysis for determinants comprising 7 variables, significant independent association was recorded with log fasting insulin alone: a doubling of insulin was associated with a rise of 1.3 nmol/L in total testosterone. Logistic regression failed to reveal the latter to be significantly associated with prevalent CHD, independent of age. It was confirmed that testosterone was closely associated with insulin levels and abdominal obesity as well as with acute phase proteins such as fibrinogen, complement C3, and with apo A-I. Testosterone levels are furthermore correlated in postmenopausal women with MS. Its association with CHD needs to be explored in future on women with a larger sample size. (Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 2004; 32: 137-144) |
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| 2. | Evaluation of Cases with QT Prolongation and "Torsade de Pointes" Ömer ALYAN, Özcan ÖZDEMİR, Mustafa SOYLU, Ramazan ATAK, Fehmi KAÇMAZ, Fatma METİN, Ahmet Duran DEMİR, Erdal DURU Pages 145 - 151
Amiodarone is a clas III antiarrhythmic agent that is used in treatment of both supraventricular and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in adult and pediatric population. Although lengthening of QT interval is seen frequently during the long term use of amiodarone, it rarely causes polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (PVT) called "torsade de pointes" (TdP) episodes. In this study, 13 patients (6 female, 7 male, mean age:57±17.2 yrs) with significant QT prolongation after amiodarone due to ventricular tachycardia in our clinics were presented. Underlying disease was ischemic cardiomyopathy in 8 patients, dilated cardiomyopathy in 3 patients, however, in 2 patients no etiologic cause could be found. The earliest QT prolongation occurred in 30th and the latest in 7th day. While the shortest QT interval was 480 msec, the longest was 720 msec and the mean QT interval was calculated as 589.2±60.3 msec, the shortest QTc was 519 msec, the longest 682 msec and mean QTc was 590.2±45.3 msec. Meanwhile, there was hypokalemia in two of the patients. A spontaneous TdP episode occurred in the patient with hypokalemia due to significant QT prolongation in the 4th day of treatment and this patient died. As a result, although rare, amiodarone can cause QT prolongation and associated TdP episodes. This risk increases especially with electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia. For this reason, close ECG monitorization and follow for electrolyte imbalances should be done in the patients who will be treated with high dose amiodarone either orally or intravenously. (Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 2004; 32: 145-151) |
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| DERLEME |
| 3. | The Effect of Right Ventricular Outflow Tract and Apical Pacing Sites on Electrocardiographic Parameters in Patients with Permanent Pacemakers Okan ERDOĞAN, Armağan ALTUN, Gültaç ÖZBAY Pages 152 - 157
Kalıcı kalp pili uygulamalarında apikal pacinge alternatif olarak seçilebilecek bir diğer elektrod yerleşim bölgesi sağ ventrikül çıkış yoludur (SVÇY). SVÇY pacingi apikal pacinge göre ventriküllerin doğal uyarısına benzer senkron aktivasyon sağlamakta ve potansiyel olarak avantajlı gözükmektedir. Son yıllarda biventrikül kalp pili uygulamalarının da esasını oluşturan ve hemodinamik katkıyla ilintili olduğu düşünülen pacing ile uyarılmış QRS süresinin mümkün olduğunca azaltılması fikri, SVÇY yerleşiminin apikale göre QRS ve diğer elektrokardiyografik parametreleri nasıl etkileyeceği sorusunu akla getirmiştir. Bu amaç ışığında planladığımız prospektif araştırmamızda kliniğimizde SVÇY' na kalıcı kalp pili uygulaması yaptığımız 16 hastayı değerlendirdik. Bu 16 hastanın onbirinde işlem esnasında apikal ve SVÇY pacing ile elde edilen EKG kayıtlarından bu iki uygulama yerinden ölçülen QRS, QTc, JTc, TTc, QTd, JTd ve TTd süreleri ortalamaları karşılaştırıldı. Ortalama uyarılmış QRS süresi SVÇY pozisyonunda apikale oranla anlamlı düzeyde azaldı (127 ± 26 vs 155 ± 21, p=0.004 ). Buna karşın QTc, JTc ve TTc süreleri SVÇY pozisyonunda apikale göre uzarken, bunlardan yalnız JTc süresindeki uzama istatistiksel anlamlığa ulaştı (p=0.01). Diğer parametrelerde anlamlı değişiklik gözlenmedi. SVÇY uygulaması yaptığımız 16 hastada işlem esnasında ve sonrasında herhangi bir komplikasyon gelişmedi. Sonuçta, SVÇY pacing uygulaması kolay uygulanabilen ve emin bir yöntemdir. Septal ileti yollarına yakınlığı nedeniyle senkronize aktivasyon oluşturarak, potansiyel avantajlar sağlayabilir. Apikal pacinge oranla QRS süresini anlamlı olarak azaltmaktadır. (Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 2004; 32: 152-157) |
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| 4. | Color M-mode Regurgitant Flow Propagation Velocity: A New Echocardiographic Method for Grading of Mitral Regurgitation Ramazan AKDEMİR MD, Hakan ÖZHAN MD, Hüseyin GÜNDÜZ MD, Mehmet YAZICI MD, Enver ERBİLEN MD, Sinan ALBAYRAK MD, Hakan ÜNLÜ MD, Serkan BULUR MD, Cihangir UYAN MD, Hüseyin ARINÇ MD Pages 158 - 167
Bu çalışmanın amacı mitral yetersizliği derecelendirmesinde yeni bir yöntem olan renkli M-mod yetersizlik akımı yayılım hızı (YAYH) nın güvenilirliğini saptamaktır. Bu yeni yöntem düşük ejeksiyon fraksiyonlu hastalar dahil tüm hastalarda en az geleneksel kantitatif ve kalitatif yöntemler kadar güvenilir, hatta onlardan daha kolay uygulanabilir ve pratik bir yöntemdir. Renkli M-Mod Doppler ile sol atriyuma doğru yönlenen YAYH rezolüsyonu mümkün olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, daha önce hakkında bilimsel bir veri bulunmayan bu yeni tekniğin tanısal duyarlılığı özgüllüğü incelenmekte ve geleneksel yöntemlerle karşılaştırılması yapılmaktadır. Kantitatif yöntemlerle derecelendirilmiş 10 hafif, 19 orta ve 23 ileri derecede mitral yetersizlikli toplam 52 ardışık hasta çalışmaya alındı. Mitral yetersizliği derecelendirilmesinde YAYH yöntemi; vena kontrakta çapı, regürjitan jet alanı ve kantitatif Doppler yöntemi ile karşılaştırıldı. Hafif, orta ve ileri derecede mitral yetersizliği için ortalama YAYH değerlerinin 26.4 ± 7 cm/s, 43.3 ± 7 cm/s ve 60.3 ± 7.3 cm/s olduğu saptandı. Hafif ve ileri derecede mitral yetersizliğinin diğer gruplardan ayrılmasında yeni yöntemin ileri derecede duyarlı ve orta derecede özgül olduğu görüldü. YAYH, hafif mitral yetersizliği için %92.1 duyarlı, %64.3 özgül; ileri derecede mitral yetersizliği için %100 duyarlı ve %68.5 özgüllüğe sahipti. Kantitatif Doppler, vena kontrakta ve regürjitan jet alanı yöntemleri ile anlamlı korelasyona sahipti (p<0.0001, r=.87; p<0.0001, r=-.84; p<0.0001, r=.76). Bu bulgular, YAYH yönteminin mitral yetersizliği derecelendirmesinde basitçe uygulanabilen güvenilir ve yarı-kantitatif bir yöntem olduğunu göstermektedir. (Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 2004; 32: 158-167) |
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| 5. | Serum Total Phospholipid Levels in Turkish Adults: A Cross Sectional Study on Associations With Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Coronary Disease Altan ONAT, Gülay HERGENÇ, Bülent UZUNLAR, İbrahim SARI, Serdar TÜRKMEN, Hüseyin UYAREL, Mehmet YAZICI, İbrahim KELEŞ, Vedat SANSOY Pages 168 - 177
Tüm lipoproteinlerin dış katmanını ve hücre zarlarını oluşturan fosfolipidler, gösterdikleri heterojenite ve ölçüm zorlukları nedeniyle, epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda ölçülmemekteydi. Son yıllarda fosfolipidlerin altgruplarının ayrı ayrı ölçüldüğü çalışmalar yayınlanmaya başlamıştır. Okside fosfolipidlerin biyolojik aktif moleküller olduğu ve, aterogenezin yanı sıra, inflamasyon ve bağışıklık cevabında rolleri bulunduğu bilinmektedir. TEKHARF Çalışmasının 2003 yılı takibinde 452 Türk yetişkinlerinde ilk defa serum fosfolipid düzeyleri ölçülmüş ve koroner kalp hastalığı (KKH), metabolik sendrom (MS) ve diğer risk parametreleriyle ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmamızda lipoproteinlerde bulunan başlıca fosfolipidler olan fosfatidilkolin, sfingomiyelin ve lizofosfatidilkolinin tümünü ölçen bir yöntem kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubumuzda MS %45.4, KKH %11.3, DM %10.8 ve bozulmuş açlık glukozu %4.4 oranında görülmekteydi. Erkek (192.2±32. 0 mg/dl) ve kadın (204.9±41.2 mg/dl) fosfolipid düzeyleri arasında anlamlı fark (p<0. 001) bulundu. Korelasyon analizinde serum fosfolipid düzeyleri ile total kolesterol, apo AII, trigliseridler, LDL-K, kompleman C3, apo B, apo AI ve koroner risk puanı ile ileri derecede (r>0.30) olmak üzere, HDL-K, DKB, BKI, metabolik sendrom, SKB, bel çevresi, fibrinojen, log CRP, log GGT, glukoz (r =0. 10 ila 0. 25), ürik asid, log açlık insülini ve, ters olarak sigara içimi ile fizik aktivite (r =-0. 10 dolayında) anlamlı, yaş ile de sınırda anlamlı ilişkiler saptandı. Fosfolipidlerin anlamlı ve bağımsız belirteçleri olarak, 13 risk parametresinin dahil olduğu lineer regresyonda, trigliseridler, LDL-K, HDL-K ve kompleman C3 belirlendi. Lojistik regresyon analizlerinde metabolik sendrom için yaş-ayarlı fosfolipid odds oranı erkekler için 1.013 (%95 1.002;1.023), kadınlar için ise 1. 06 (%95 0.999;1. 012; p<0. 08) olarak bulundu. Buna göre, fosfolipid düzeyinde 1 standart sapma (36 mg/dl) artış, MS riskinin 1/3 yükselmesine denk gelmekteydi. Prevalan KKH için yaş-ayarlı fosfolipid erkekte anlamlı çıkmazken, kadında 1. 008 odds oranı ile sınırda anlamlı (p<0. 12) bir eğilim sergiledi. Sonuç olarak, total fosfolipid ölçümlerinin, metabolik sendrom riskine katkıda bulunduğu konusunda, erkeklerde belirgin olmak üzere, erişkinlerimizde anlamlı veri üretilmiştir. Prevalan KKH için, kadında yaş-ayarlı olarak sınırda anlamlı bir eğilim sergileyen fosfolipid düzeylerinin daha geniş bir kohortta incelenmesi uygundur. (Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 2004; 32: 168-177) |
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| EDITÖRDEN |
| 6. | "Filler Dört Ayakları Üzerinde Zıplayamaz" Bilgisi Cem ALHAN Pages 178 - 179
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| 7. | Evaluation of 10-year Citations to Cardiovascular Publications Originating from Turkey at the Turn of the Century: Pessimism Unjustified Altan ONAT Pages 180 - 187
Citations to publications in adult and pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery that originated from Turkey's medical institutions in the 10-year period comprising 1994 through 2003 were assessed. The Cited reference search service of the Web of Science was evaluated in regard to 310 Turkish authors as candidates for citations. Care was taken that all citations of the searched author were included though none of the preceding period, nor of a potentially different author with similar name and initials. The citation was credited to the primary author, but equal credit was given for papers from more than one field or more than one country. A total of 3650 citations were received in the 10-year period including 1880 in adult cardiology, 1220 in cardiac surgery and 550 in pediatric cardiology - which was estimated to constitute a world share of 1.2 per mille. The latter share was 5 fold that of two decades ago. Articles published in journals covered only by the CD edition of the SCI during 1994-2001 received an annual average of 0.88 citation per article (not per cited article). Eighty % of articles succeeded in receiving one or more citations during the subsequent 5-year period. Potential citations rose 3-4 fold in the course of the studied period. The names of 100 primary authors who obtained ≥10 citations and the references of 29 articles with ≥14 citations were herein listed. It was concluded that the impact of publications in cardiovascular medicine originating from Turkey continued to grow at a fast pace and the suspicion held in some circles that the impact of scientific research was poor was unfounded. Still, it was considered that manuscripts be submitted to periodicals with a higher impact factor with the purpose of further augmenting the impact. Elicited findings might be useful in decisions for promotion by academic committees. (Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 2004; 32: 180-187) |
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| 8. | Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Hüsniye YÜKSEL Pages 188 - 196
The rationale for the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the treatment of cardiovascular disease has changed with the course of time due to improved understanding of their mechanisms of action. Initially, hypertension and chronic heart failure (CHF) became major therapeutic targets for ACE inhibitors. The first rationale behind the use of ACE inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure was to improve left ventricular systolic function by reducing cardiac preload and afterload. But the poor correlations, found in studies, between the hemodynamic measurements and the changes in clinical class, exercise tolerance, heart size and ejection fraction suggested that ACE inhibitors can provide clinical benefit for some mechanisms other than to reduce systemic vascular resistance. Studies on experimental model myocardial infarction (MI) have shown that early administration of ACE inhibitors may limit infarct expansion and attenuate progressive left ventricular dilata-tion following acute MI. Subsequently experimental observations have also been obtained with recent MI and significantly depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. Accordingly, in the 1980s, the rationale use of ACE inhibitors for CHF changed to attenuation of left ventricular remodelling. Interestingly, unexpected data from trials on heart failure have shown that patients receiving ACE inhibitors have a reduced incidence of MI, hospitalisation for cardiovascular events and need for coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery. These data gave way to the hypothesis that the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors can be ex-plained with vasculoprotective effects. This hypothesis was tested successfully with the multicenter, double blind and randomised studies. The current rationale for using ACE inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular disease is the vasculoprotective (antiatherogenic, antiproliferative, antiinflammatory and antithrombotic) effect. (Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 2004; 32: 188-196) |
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| 9. | Iatrogenic Left Main Coronary Artery Thrombosis During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Hüseyin GÜNDÜZ, Ramazan AKDEMİR, Hakan ÖZHAN, Hüseyin ARINÇ, Cihangir UYAN Pages 197 - 200
The patient was admitted to our clinic with the diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris. In the coronary angiography, two stenoses (proxismal 90%, distol 60%) in the circumflex artery (CX) were seen. Left anterior descending (LAD) and right coronary arteries were normal. In another session, coronary balloon angioplasty was performed for the CX lesions after which a residual stenosis was detected and stent implantation was decided. Unfortunately, it was not possible to cross the proximal lesion with the 3,0X18 mm stent. Immediately, after pulling back the stent, the patient had severe chest pain. Angiography revealed a thrombotic sub-total occlusion of left main coronary artery (LMCA). During the stent implantation to the LMCA lesion , the thrombus moved distally into the circumflex artery possibly by the movement of the guide wire, leaving the LMCA totally free of thrombus. Accompanied by immediate relief of chest pain, ECG demonstrated at least 80% resolving in the ST segment elevations. The proximal lesion in CX artery was stented and successful angioplasty was performed for distal lesion afterwards, resulting a TIMI III flow. The patient was completely symptomfree in the follow-up period, and control angiography 1 month later revealed a patent stent in CX beside normal LAD, LMCA and right coronary artery. An extremely rare, iatrogenic, subtotal left main coronary artery thrombotic stenosis in a patient who had undergone prior PTCA-stenting of the left circumflex artery was discussed in the light of the literature. (Türk Kardiyol Dern Arş 2004; 32: 197-200) |
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| OTHER ARTICLES |
| 10. | Selected Forthcoming Meetings
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